Webscraping: programatically extracting data from teh HTML code of websites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping
Example: Google scholar
First let's open a connection to a URL and then use the readLines function to read the html data. Be sure to close the connection afterwards
GS_connection = url("http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=en")
htmlCode = readLines(GS_connection)## Warning in readLines(GS_connection): incomplete final line found on 'http://
## scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=en'close(GS_connection)
htmlCode## [1] "<!doctype html><html><head><title>Jeff Leek - Google Scholar</title><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\"><meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=Edge\"><meta name=\"referrer\" content=\"always\"><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2\"><meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no\"><link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"/favicon.ico\"><link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=en\"><meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chief Data Officer, VP, and J Orin Edson Foundation Professor, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center - Cited by 19,525 - Statistics - Computing - Genomics - Personalized Medicine - Scientific Communication\"><meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chief Data Officer, VP, and J Orin Edson Foundation Professor, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center - Cited by 19,525 - Statistics - Computing - Genomics - Personalized Medicine - Scientific Communication\"><meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jeff Leek\"><meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=7\"><meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"website\"><meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta 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## [33] "function Pc(){function a(){var w=c.clientHeight,y=+D.getAttribute(\"data-h\");y||(h.style.maxHeight=\"none\",y=f.offsetHeight);var z=f.querySelector(\".gs_md_ftr\");y=Math.max((w-y)/2,10);w=Math.max(w-48-(z?z.offsetHeight:0)-2*y,10);z=Qc(e);f.style.top=z?\"auto\":y+\"px\";h.style.maxHeight=z?\"none\":w+\"px\";Tc(h)}var b=T.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A(\"gs_top\"),e=b.i,f=A(e),h=A(e+\"-bdy\"),l=1200+T.j,m=A(f.getAttribute(\"data-cid\")||f.id+\"-bdy\")||f,n=b.G,u=b.D,F=b.F,E=A(\"gs_md_s\"),Z=A(e).getAttribute(\"data-shd\")||"
## [34] "\"\",D=Rc(f),R=window.pageYOffset,Xc=F&&\"#\"!=F[0]&&!n,Yc=0<T.j?T.at(T.j-1).i:\"\",qa=!!I[e];Xc?(qa?v(m,\"gs_md_ldg\",!0):Uc(f,m,'<div class=\"gs_md_prg\">'+A(\"gs_md_ldg\").innerHTML+\"</div>\",b),P(\"gs-md-ldin\",m)):(n&&Uc(f,m,n,b),P(\"gs-md-lded\",m));qa&&e==Yc||bb(f,function(){(D||f).style.zIndex=l;Vc(Z);if(!qa){D&&q(D,\"gs_vis\");q(f,\"gs_vis\");v(f,\"gs_abt\",yb);v(E,\"gs_abt\",yb);Wc(e);if(0==T.j){var w=Sc;Gc.add(w);w()}else Sc();D&&h&&(a(),Fc.addListener(a))}0==T.j&&(q(d,\"gs_nscl\"),d.style.top=-R+\"px\")},function(){qa||"
## [35] "(Fc.removeListener(a),D&&r(D,\"gs_vis\"),r(f,\"gs_vis\"),r(f,\"gs_abt\"));for(var w=T.top()?T.top().X:0;T.top()&&T.top().i==e;){var y=T.top();Xb(y.m);y.m=null;T.pop()}if(T.top()){if(y=T.top().i,Vc(A(y).getAttribute(\"data-shd\")||\"\"),r(A(y),\"gs_md_ins_vis\"),qa){y=Nc(e);var z=T.at(y);(D||f).style.zIndex=1200+y;Uc(f,m,z.G,z)}}else r(E,\"gs_vis\"),r(E,\"gs_abt\");-1==T.j?(Gc.remove(Sc),c.style.overflowY=\"\",r(d,\"gs_nscl\"),d.style.top=\"auto\",window.scrollTo(0,R)):Sc();Zc||(0<w?window.history.go(-w):kb())},$c(f),ad(f),"
## [36] "Yc);Xc&&(Xb(b.m),b.m=null,Jc(b,Wb(F,u,function(w,y,z){b.m=null;z=(w=200==w&&z.match(/^text\\/html(;.*)?$/i))?y:bd();Uc(f,m,z,b);if(w)for(w=0;w<T.l.length;++w)z=T.at(w),e==z.i&&F==z.F&&u==z.D&&(z.G=y,w==T.j&&kb());P(\"gs-md-lded\",m)})))}function Rc(a){a=a.parentNode;return t(a,\"gs_md_wnw\")?a:null}function $c(a){return(a=a.getAttribute(\"data-ifc\"))?A(a):null}function ad(a){return(a=a.getAttribute(\"data-cfc\"))?A(a):null}"
## [37] "function Uc(a,b,c,d){v(b,\"gs_md_ldg\",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll(\"[data-duid]\"),f=e.length,h={},l=0;l<f;l++){for(var m=pc(e[l]),n=qc[m],u=n?n.length:0,F=0;F<u;F++){var E=n[F],Z=Ka(E.constructor),D=h[Z];D||(D=h[Z]={});D[m]=!0;E&&\"function\"==typeof E.ba&&E.ba()}delete qc[m]}for(var R in h){R=+R;e=h[R];l=(f=rc[R])?f.length:0;for(n=m=0;n<l;n++)u=f[n],u in e||(f[m++]=u);m?f.length=m:delete rc[R]}b.innerHTML=c;d.G=c;Wc(a.id);Xb(d.m);d.m=null}function cd(a){return(a=T.at(Nc(a)))?a.F:\"\"}"
## [38] "function Wc(a){if(a=document.querySelector(\"#\"+a+\">.gs_md_bdy\"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,Tc(a)}function Tc(a){var b=a.style,c=\"padding\"+(Ca(a)?\"Left\":\"Right\");b[c]=\"\";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;2<d&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+\"px\")}function bd(){return'<div class=\"gs_md_prg\"><div class=\"gs_alrt\">'+A(\"gs_md_err\").innerHTML+\"</div></div>\"}"
## [39] "function lb(){var a=T.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.F||void 0,p:a&&a.D?\"1\":void 0,t:a&&a.C||void 0}}function mb(){var a=T.top();return{n:a&&a.X||0,p:a&&a.D||\"\",h:a&&a.G||\"\"}}function Vc(a){if(dd!=a){var b=A(\"gs_md_s\");dd&&r(b,dd);(dd=a)&&q(b,a)}}var Zc=0,dd=\"\",T=new Kc;"
## [40] "xb.add(function(){var a=sb(window.location.hash),b=a.d||\"\",c=b?A(b):null;++Zc;if(c){var d=a.u||\"\";c=0<+a.p;var e=+a.t||0,f=L||K(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var h=\"\"+(f.p||\"\");f=\"\"+(f.h||\"\");d.match(Ja)||(d=\"\");for(var l=Mc(T,e),m=l;m<T.l.length;++m){var n=T.at(m);if(e<n.C&&n.i!=b)break}for(n=l-1;0<=n;--n){var u=T.at(n);if(e>u.C&&u.i!=b)break}Lc(m-1);for(m=0;m<=n;++m)u=T.at(m).i,I[u]||Oc(n,!1);if(n=l<T.l.length)n=T.at(l),n=b==n.i&&d==n.F&&c==!!n.D&&e==n.C;n?Oc(l,!0):(0==a&&(Lc(-1),T=new Kc,"
## [41] "e=Date.now()),c!=!!h&&(d=h=\"\",f=bd()),b=new Ic(b,d,h,f,a,e),c=T,e=b.C,a=Mc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).C,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),T.j=a,kb(),Pc())}else Lc(-1);--Zc});var ed=function(a){p.call(this);this.K=a;this.V=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(\".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]\");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(\".gs_in_txts\");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.V[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ka(ed,p);ed.prototype.S=function(){Xb(this.m);this.K=this.m=null;p.prototype.S.call(this)};"
## [42] "ed.prototype.pa=function(a){var b=this;N(a);if((a=this.K)&&!this.m){var c=\"json=&\"+Da(a);fd(this,!0);this.m=Wb(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;fd(b,!1);var f=b.K,h=f.getAttribute(\"data-alrt\");if(h=h?A(h):null)h.innerHTML=\"\";try{var l=200==d&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(D){}d=!1;l&&\"object\"==typeof l||(gd(h,A(\"gs_md_err\").innerHTML),l={},d=!0);f.setAttribute(\"data-p\",\"\"+(l.P||\"\"));P(\"gs-ajax-form-done\",f);if(e=l.L)Ha(\"\"+e);else{if(e=l.M)gd(h,e),d=!0;e=1E6;if(h&&h.innerHTML){var m=h;e=h.getBoundingClientRect().top}h="
## [43] "f.elements;l=l.E;\"object\"==typeof l||(l=Object.create(null));for(var n in b.V){var u=h[n],F=void 0,E=\"\"+(l[n]||\"\"),Z=u.parentNode.querySelector(\".gs_in_txts\");v(u.parentNode,\"gs_in_txte\",!!E);Z&&(Z.innerHTML=E||b.V[n]||\"\");E&&(F=u.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(m=u,e=F);d=d||!!E}(f=f.getAttribute(\"data-d\"))&&!d&&fb(f);m&&m.scrollIntoView&&(0>e||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&m.scrollIntoView()}})}};"
## [44] "var fd=function(a,b){a=a.K;var c=a.getAttribute(\"data-bsel\");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll(\"button\");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;v(d,\"gs_bsp\",b)}},gd=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=void 0===c?\"\":c;var d=void 0===d?\"\":d;var e=void 0===e?[]:e;A(\"gs_alrt_m\").innerHTML=b;Rb().action=d.match(Ga)?d:\"\";a=A(\"gs_alrt_l\");a.textContent=c;c=A(\"gs_alrt_h\");c.innerHTML=\"\";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(\"input\"),b.type=\"hidden\",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],"
## [45] "c.appendChild(b);Ob();v(a,\"gs_fm_s\",!0);Qb()}};$b(ed,[new O(\".gs_ajax_frm\",{submit:ed.prototype.pa})]);var hd=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];Q(\".gs_cb_gen\",\"click\",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=zc(b),d=2==+b.getAttribute(\"data-s\");Bc(b,hd[+d][c],!0);P(\"gs-change\",b,a.g)});Q(\".gs_cb_gen\",[\"keydown\",\"keyup\"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;\"BUTTON\"!=b.tagName||13!=c&&32!=c||(N(a),\"keydown\"==a.type&&b.click())});Q([\".gs_cb_gen\",\".gs_md_li\"],\"keydown\",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.g.keyCode;\"BUTTON\"!=c&&(32==d||13==d&&\"A\"!=c)&&(N(a),b.click())});var id=[\"click\",\"contextmenu\",\"mouseup\"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:[\"mousedown\",\"touchstart\"]),jd=\"\",kd=null;function ld(){kd=null}function md(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):kd&&a==kd.src||((kd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(ld,1E3))}function nd(){var a=tb(document.location.href).hl||\"\";a=\"/scholar_bfnav?url=\"+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+\"&hl=\"+encodeURIComponent(a)+\"&ei=\"+GSP.eventId;md(a)}H(function(){jd=Nb?\"&bn=1\":\"\";Nb&&nd()});"
## [46] "C(window,\"pageshow\",function(a){a.persisted&&(jd=\"&bn=1\",nd())});"
## [47] "C(document,id,function(a){if(!(\"click\"==a.type&&a.button||\"mouseup\"==a.type&&1!=a.button)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(\"A\"==d)break a;if(\"SPAN\"==d||\"B\"==d||\"I\"==d||\"EM\"==d||\"IMG\"==d)a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute(\"href\"))&&(c=a.getAttribute(\"data-clk\"))&&(b=\"/scholar_url?url=\"+encodeURIComponent(b)+\"&\"+c+\"&ws=\"+window.innerWidth+\"x\"+window.innerHeight+\"&at=\",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute(\"data-clk-atid\"))&&A(a),b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||\"\")+jd,md(b))}},"
## [48] "!1,!0);Q(\".gs_fm_s\",\"click\",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute(\"data-fm\")||\"\";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var V=function(a){this.i=Aa(a.querySelector(\".gs_md_d\"));this.R=Aa(a.querySelector(\".gs_md_tb\"))};V.prototype.T=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return void 0!==a?xc(b,b,a):null};V.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.T(a);if(t(A(this.R),\"gs_sel\"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.R);ab(this.i,function(){q(b,\"gs_sel\")},function(){r(b,\"gs_sel\")},a,b)}};V.prototype.close=function(){fb(this.i)};V.prototype.ha=function(a){N(a);t(A(this.R),\"gs_sel\")?this.close():this.open(\"keydown\"==a.g.type?!1:void 0)};"
## [49] "V.prototype.ca=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(38==b||40==b)N(a),this.open(38==b)};V.prototype.ja=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.ca(a)};$b(V,[new O(\".gs_md_rmb\",{}),new O(\".gs_md_tb\",{\"gs-press\":V.prototype.ha,keydown:V.prototype.ca}),new O(\".gs_md_d\",{keydown:V.prototype.ja})]);var od=function(a){V.call(this,a);this.ra=Aa(a.querySelector(\".gs_md_in\"));this.sa=Aa(a.querySelector(\".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl\"))};ka(od,V);od.prototype.T=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(\".gs_md_li[aria-selected]\")};od.prototype.ka=function(a){pd(this,a)};od.prototype.U=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;13!=b&&32!=b||pd(this,a)};"
## [50] "var pd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ra),e=a.T();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute(\"data-v\"),A(a.sa).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&qd(e,!1),qd(c,!0));N(b);a.close();P(\"gs-change\",d,b.g)},qd=function(a,b){v(a,\"gs_sel\",b);b?a.setAttribute(\"aria-selected\",\"true\"):a.removeAttribute(\"aria-selected\")};$b(od,[new O(\".gs_md_ris\",{}),new O(\".gs_md_li\",{click:od.prototype.ka,keydown:od.prototype.U})]);Q(\"#gs_lp\",\"click\",function(a){N(a);U(\"gs_lp_d\")});Q(\"#gs_lp_cur\",\"click\",function(a){N(a);fb(\"gs_lp_d\")});var rd=function(a){this.ea=Aa(a)};rd.prototype.U=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;if(38==c||40==c){var d=A(this.ea);d=xc(d,b,38==c)||xc(d,d,38==c)}else if(37==c||39==c)a:{c=!!(37==c^Ca(b.parentNode));d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.ea){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=wc(d,c)||vc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],t(d,\"gs_md_li\")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(N(a),d.focus())};"
## [51] "$b(rd,[new O(\".gs_md_ulr\",{}),new O(\".gs_md_li\",{keydown:rd.prototype.U})]);Q(\"#gs_hdr_mnu\",\"click\",function(a){N(a);U(\"gs_hdr_drw\")});Q(\"#gs_hdr_drw_mnu\",\"click\",function(a){N(a);fb(\"gs_hdr_drw\")});Q(\"#gs_hdr_act_i\",\"click\",function(a){N(a);1==sa()?Ha(document.querySelector(\"#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a\").href):ab(\"gs_hdr_act_d\")});Q(\"#gs_hdr_drw\",\"keydown\",function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(38==b||40==b){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=xc(c,c,38==b))N(a),b.focus()}});"
## [52] "Q(\"#gs_hdr_tsi\",[\"focus\",\"blur\"],function(a){function b(){var h=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;10<Math.abs(h)&&window.scrollBy(0,h);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){G(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=\"focus\"==a.type;v(A(\"gs_hdr\"),\"gs_hdr_ifc\",a);if(a&&ta&&!(749<window.innerHeight)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=[\"scroll\",\"resize\"];C(window,f,b)}});Q(\"#gs_hdr_tsi\",[\"input\",\"gs-change\"],function(a){v(A(\"gs_hdr_frm\"),\"gs_hdr_tsc\",!!a.currentTarget.value)});"
## [53] "Q(\"#gs_hdr_tsc\",\"mousedown\",function(a){N(a);var b=A(\"gs_hdr_tsi\");b.value=\"\";b.focus();P(\"input\",b,a.g)});Q(\"#gs_hdr_sre\",\"click\",function(a){N(a);var b=A(\"gs_hdr\");ab(\"gs_hdr_frm\",function(){r(b,\"gs_hdr_src\");q(b,\"gs_hdr_srx\")},function(){q(b,\"gs_hdr_src\");r(b,\"gs_hdr_srx\")},A(\"gs_hdr_tsi\"))});Q(\".gs_md_x\",\"click\",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute(\"data-mdx\"))&&fb(a)});var W=function(){},sd,td;W.prototype.ia=function(a){a.g.button||(N(a),ud(a))};W.prototype.la=function(a){vd(a)&&(N(a),ud(a))};W.prototype.ma=function(a){vd(a)&&N(a)};W.prototype.na=function(a){if(!a.g.button){N(a);var b=a.g;b&&(wd=b.clientX||0,xd=b.clientY||0,C(document,yd,zd,!0),clearTimeout(sd),sd=setTimeout(Ad,2E3));ud(a)}};W.prototype.qa=function(a){N(a);if(Bd){var b=a.g;if(b=(b=b&&b.touches)&&1==b.length&&b[0])Cd=b.clientX,Dd=b.clientY,C(document,Ed,Fd,!0),clearTimeout(td),td=setTimeout(Gd,2E3)}ud(a)};"
## [54] "var vd=function(a){a=a.g.keyCode;return 32==a||13==a},ud=function(a){P(\"gs-press\",a.currentTarget,a.g)},Ad=function(){G(document,yd,zd,!0);clearTimeout(sd);sd=void 0},zd=function(a){\"mousedown\"!=a.type&&10>Math.abs(a.clientX-wd)&&10>Math.abs(a.clientY-xd)?(Ta(a),\"click\"==a.type&&Ad()):Ad()},Gd=function(){G(document,Ed,Fd,!0);clearTimeout(td);td=void 0},Fd=function(a){\"touchstart\"!=a.type&&10>Math.abs(a.clientX-Cd)&&10>Math.abs(a.clientY-Dd)?(Ta(a),\"click\"==a.type&&Gd()):Gd()},wd=0,xd=0,yd=[\"mousedown\","
## [55] "\"mouseup\",\"click\"],Bd=x(\"Android\")&&!x(\"Chrome\"),Cd=0,Dd=0,Ed=[\"touchstart\",\"mousedown\",\"mouseup\",\"click\"];$b(W,[new O(\".gs_press\",{click:W.prototype.ia,keydown:W.prototype.la,keyup:W.prototype.ma,mousedown:W.prototype.na,touchstart:W.prototype.qa})]);function Hd(a){Id.style.left=Jd&&Kd===Ld?a.left+\"px\":\"auto\";Id.style.width=Jd?a.width+\"px\":\"auto\";P(\"gs-sth-change\",A(\"gs_sth\"))}function Md(){var a=Nd.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=0>b,d;if(d=c&&pa)d=document.activeElement,d=!!d&&\"INPUT\"==d.tagName&&\"text\"==d.type;b=d?-b-a.height:Ld;var e=Jd!=c||Kd!==Ld!=d;b!==Kd&&(Kd=b,Id.style.transform=b===Ld?\"none\":\"translate3d(0,\"+b+\"px,0)\");e&&(Jd=c,v(Od,\"gs_sth_vis\",c),v(Od,\"gs_sth_trk\",d),Hd(a))}function Pd(){Jd&&Hd(Nd.getBoundingClientRect())}"
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## [75] "Q(\"#gs_md_cita-b-save\",\"click\",function(){var a=A(\"gsc_ecd_form\");Ea(a,\"continue\").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;P(\"submit\",a)});Q(\".gsc_ecd_form_tsel\",\"click\",function(a){var b=A(\"gsc_ecd_form\"),c=A(\"gsc_ecd_table\");b=Ea(b,\"articletype\");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute(\"data-type\")||\"\";c.className=a.getAttribute(\"data-class\")||\"\";c=document.querySelectorAll(\"#gsc_ecd_citation_type button\");for(b=c.length;b--;)v(c[b],\"gs_sel\",c[b]==a)});"
## [76] "}({\"customAC\":0,\"eventId\":\"35kDY9GuAtOSmwGc4a-AAQ\"});</script></head><body><div id=\"gs_top\" onclick=\"\"><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:\"\";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id=\"gs_md_ldg\" style=\"display:none\">Loading...</div><div id=\"gs_md_err\" style=\"display:none\">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id=\"gs_md_s\"></div><div data-h=\"0\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds\"><div id=\"gsc_md_hist\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_hist-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_hist-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_hist-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_hist\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_hist-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Citations per year</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_hist-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id=\"gsc_md_hist_c\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"600\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_cbyd\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_cbyd-t\" data-cid=\"gsc_md_cbyd_l\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_cbyd-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_cbyd-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_cbyd\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_cbyd-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Duplicate citations</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbyd-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><form id=\"gsc_md_cbyd_f\" action=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\" method=\"post\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"s\" value=\"\"><div class=\"gs_md_lbl\">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id=\"gsc_md_cbyd_c\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbyd_l\"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h=\"600\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_cbym\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_cbym-t\" data-cid=\"gsc_md_cbym_l\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_cbym-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_cbym-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_cbym\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_cbym-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Merged citations</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbym-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><div class=\"gs_md_lbl\">This \"Cited by\" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id=\"gsc_md_cbym_s\">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbym_l\" data-act=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"900\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_cod\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_cod-t\" data-cid=\"gsc_cods_res\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_cod-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_cod-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_cod\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_cod-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\"><span id=\"gsc_cod_t\"><span id=\"gsc_cod_tadd\">Add co-authors</span><span id=\"gsc_cod_tedit\">Co-authors</span><a id=\"gsc_cod_trev\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-txt=\"Review\" data-lim=\"Limit reached\"></a></span></h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_cod_done\" aria-label=\"Add co-authors\" disabled class=\"gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_cod-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><div id=\"gsc_cods_urls\" class=\"gsc_cods_hide\" data-ls=\"\" data-lc=\"/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&hl=en&oe=ASCII&json=&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ\" data-sa=\"\"></div><form id=\"gsc_cods_save\" action=\"\" method=\"POST\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"colleague_add\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"colleague_del\"></form><div id=\"gsc_cods_res\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"800\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gs_md_cita-d\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gs_md_cita-d-t\" data-cid=\"gs_md_cita-l\" data-wfc=\"gs_md_cita-d-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_md_cita-d-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gs_md_cita-d\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gs_md_cita-d-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\"></h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gs_md_cita-b-save\" aria-label=\"Save\" class=\"gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button></div></div><div id=\"gs_md_cita-d-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id=\"gs_md_cita-l\" aria-live=\"assertive\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"0\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_fol\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_fol-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_fol-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_fol-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_fol\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_fol-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Follow</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_fol-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><form method=\"post\" id=\"gsc_fol_f\" action=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"xsrf\" value=\"AMD79ooAAAAAYwTrX8x6BPB1TdixqPubsgUdbQW3kmwW\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"user\" value=\"HI-I6C0AAAAJ\"><div id=\"gsc_fol_inp\"></div><div id=\"gsc_fol_cb\"><div class=\"gsc_fol_cr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_fol_a\" role=\"checkbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-s=\"0\" class=\"gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">New articles by this author</span><span class=\"gs_chk\"></span><span class=\"gs_cbx\"></span></a></div><div class=\"gsc_fol_cr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_fol_c\" role=\"checkbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-s=\"0\" class=\"gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">New citations to this author</span><span class=\"gs_chk\"></span><span class=\"gs_cbx\"></span></a></div><div class=\"gsc_fol_cr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_fol_r\" role=\"checkbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-s=\"0\" class=\"gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">New articles related to this author's research</span><span class=\"gs_chk\"></span><span class=\"gs_cbx\"></span></a></div></div><div id=\"gsc_fol_email\"><label id=\"gsc_fol_ml\" for=\"gsc_fol_m\">Email address for updates</label><div class=\"gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb\"><input type=\"text\" class=\"gs_in_txt\" name=\"email_for_op\" value=\"\" id=\"gsc_fol_m\" maxlength=\"100\" autocapitalize=\"off\" autocorrect=\"off\"><div class=\"gs_in_txts\"></div></div></div><div class=\"gs_md_btns\"><button type=\"submit\" id=\"gsc_fol_b\" disabled class=\" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Done</span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class=\"gs_alrt\" style=\"padding:16px\"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href=\"//www.google.com/chrome/\">Google Chrome</a> or <a href=\"//www.mozilla.com/firefox/\">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw\" class=\"gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-shd=\"gs_hdr_drs\" data-wfc=\"gs_hdr_drw_mnu\" data-cfc=\"gs_hdr_mnu\"><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw_in\"><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw_top\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_hdr_drw_mnu\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"gs_hdr_drw\" aria-label=\"Options\" class=\"gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><a id=\"gs_hdr_drw_lgo\" href=\"/schhp?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" aria-label=\"Homepage\"></a></div><div><div class=\"gs_hdr_drw_sec\"><a href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">My profile</span></a><a href=\"/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">My library</span></a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Metrics</span></a><a href=\"/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Alerts</span></a></div><div class=\"gs_hdr_drw_sec\"><a href=\"/scholar_settings?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw_bot\" class=\"gs_hdr_drw_sec\"><a href=\"https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den%26oe%3DASCII\" class=\" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id=\"gs_hdr\" role=\"banner\" class=\"gs_hdr_src\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_hdr_mnu\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"gs_hdr_drw\" class=\"gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><a id=\"gs_hdr_lgo\" class=\"\" href=\"/schhp?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" aria-label=\"Homepage\"></a><div id=\"gs_hdr_md\"><div id=\"gs_hdr_srch\"><form id=\"gs_hdr_frm\" action=\"/citations\"><input type=hidden name=\"view_op\" value=\"search_authors\"><input type=hidden name=\"hl\" value=\"en\"><input type=hidden name=\"oe\" value=\"ASCII\"><div class=\"gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb\"><input type=\"text\" class=\"gs_in_txt\" name=\"mauthors\" value=\"\" id=\"gs_hdr_tsi\" placeholder=\"Search profiles\" size=\"50\" maxlength=\"2048\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-label=\"Search\"><div class=\"gs_in_txts\"></div></div><span id=\"gs_hdr_tsc\"><span class=\"gs_ico gs_ico_X\"></span></span><button type=\"submit\" id=\"gs_hdr_tsb\" name=\"btnG\" aria-label=\"Search\" class=\"gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button></form></div></div><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_hdr_sre\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"gs_hdr_frm\" aria-label=\"Search\" class=\"gs_btnTSB gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_ia_notf\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><div id=\"gs_hdr_act\"><a id=\"gs_hdr_act_s\" href=\"https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den%26oe%3DASCII\">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action=\"\" method=\"post\" id=\"gs_alrt\"><span id=\"gs_alrt_m\"></span><span id=\"gs_alrt_h\"></span><a id=\"gs_alrt_l\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gs_fm_s\" data-fm=\"gs_alrt\"></a></form><div id=\"gs_bdy\"><div id=\"gs_bdy_sb\" role=\"navigation\"><div id=\"gs_bdy_sb_in\"></div></div><div id=\"gs_bdy_ccl\" role=\"main\"><div id=\"gsc_bdy\" class=\"gs_scl\" data-tab=\"gsc_prf_t-art\"><div class=\"gsc_rsb\" role=\"navigation\"><a id=\"gsc_rsb_gpl\" class=\"gsc_rsb_s\" href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII\">Get my own profile</a><div class=\"gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl\" id=\"gsc_rsb_cit\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_prf_t-cit\"><h3 class=\"gsc_rsb_header\"><span class=\"gsc_rsb_title\">Cited by</span><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_hist_opn\" class=\" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id=\"gsc_rsb_st\"><thead><tr><th class=\"gsc_rsb_sth\"></th><th class=\"gsc_rsb_sth\">All</th><th class=\"gsc_rsb_sth\">Since 2017</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"gsc_rsb_sc1\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl\" title=\"This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.\">Citations</a></td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">19525</td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">14375</td></tr><tr><td class=\"gsc_rsb_sc1\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl\" title=\"h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.\">h-index</a></td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">49</td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">45</td></tr><tr><td class=\"gsc_rsb_sc1\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl\" title=\"i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.\">i10-index</a></td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">80</td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">74</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:614px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:568px;content:\"\\00A0\";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:\"\";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class=\"gsc_g_hist_wrp\" dir=\"rtl\"><div class=\"gsc_g_hist_x\"><div class=\"gsc_g_x\" style=\"top:160px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:0px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:80px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:120px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:40px;\"></div></div><div class=\"gsc_g_hist_xl\"><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:153px;\">0</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:-7px;\">3500</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:73px;\">1750</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:113px;\">875</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:33px;\">2625</div></div><div class=\"gsc_md_hist_w\"><div class=\"gsc_md_hist_b\"><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:515px\">2006</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:483px\">2007</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:451px\">2008</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:419px\">2009</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:387px\">2010</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:355px\">2011</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:323px\">2012</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:291px\">2013</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:259px\">2014</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:227px\">2015</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:195px\">2016</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:163px\">2017</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:131px\">2018</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:99px\">2019</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:67px\">2020</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:35px\">2021</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:3px\">2022</span><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:520px;top:158px;height:2px;z-index:17\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">52</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:488px;top:156px;height:4px;z-index:16\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">89</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:456px;top:153px;height:7px;z-index:15\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">158</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:424px;top:154px;height:6px;z-index:14\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">143</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:392px;top:151px;height:9px;z-index:13\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">210</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:360px;top:145px;height:15px;z-index:12\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">343</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:328px;top:138px;height:22px;z-index:11\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">498</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:296px;top:131px;height:29px;z-index:10\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">640</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:264px;top:125px;height:35px;z-index:9\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">767</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:232px;top:119px;height:41px;z-index:8\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">903</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:200px;top:108px;height:52px;z-index:7\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">1157</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:168px;top:96px;height:64px;z-index:6\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">1420</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:136px;top:73px;height:87px;z-index:5\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">1915</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:104px;top:42px;height:118px;z-index:4\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">2584</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:72px;top:38px;height:122px;z-index:3\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">2678</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:40px;top:1px;height:159px;z-index:2\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">3490</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:8px;top:57px;height:103px;z-index:1\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">2254</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl\" id=\"gsc_rsb_mnd\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_prf_t-mnd\"><div class=\"gsc_rsb_header gsc_rsb_m_header\"><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_title\">Public access</div><a href=\"/citations?view_op=list_mandates&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ\" id=\"gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk\">View all</a></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_hm gs_ota gs_oph\"><button type=\"button\" onclick=\"window.location='/citations?view_op\\x3dlist_mandates\\x26hl\\x3den\\x26oe\\x3dASCII\\x26user\\x3dHI-I6C0AAAAJ'\" class=\" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">View all</span></span></button></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m\"><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_a\"><span>74 articles</span></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_na\"><div>1 article</div></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_bar\"><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_bar_na\" style=\"width:1%\"></div></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_a\"><span>available</span></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_na\"><span>not available</span></div><div class=\"gsc_rsb_m_desc\">Based on funding mandates</div></div></div></div><div class=\"gsc_lcl\" role=\"main\" id=\"gsc_prf_w\"><div id=\"gsc_prf\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"button\" id=\"gsc_prf_btnf\" class=\"gsc_prf_btn gsc_prf_btn_top gs_btnFA gsc_prf_btn_act\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gsc_prf_btn_lbl\">Follow</span></a><div id=\"gsc_prf_pu\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_pua\" class=\"gs_rimg\"><style>#gsc_prf_pup-img{width:96px;height:128px;}@media print{#gs_top #gsc_prf_pup-img{width:60pt;height:80pt;}}</style><img alt=\"Jeff Leek\" sizes=\"print 60px,96px\" src=\"https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=7\" id=\"gsc_prf_pup-img\" srcset=\"https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=7 96w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=7 192w\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_prf_i\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_inw\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_in\">Jeff Leek</div></div><div class=\"gsc_prf_il\">Chief Data Officer, VP, and J Orin Edson Foundation Professor, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center</div><div class=\"gsc_prf_il\" id=\"gsc_prf_ivh\">Verified email at fredhutch.org - <a href=\"http://jtleek.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"gsc_prf_ila\">Homepage</a></div><div class=\"gsc_prf_il\" id=\"gsc_prf_int\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:statistics\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Statistics</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:computing\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Computing</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:genomics\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Genomics</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:personalized_medicine\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Personalized Medicine</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:scientific_communication\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Scientific Communication</a></div></div></div></div><div id=\"gsc_prf_t_wrp\" role=\"navigation\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_t\" role=\"tablist\"><a id=\"gsc_prf_t-art\" class=\"gsc_prf_tab\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=tab aria-controls=\"gsc_art\" aria-selected=\"true\">Articles</a><a id=\"gsc_prf_t-cit\" class=\"gsc_prf_tab\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"gsc_rsb_cit\">Cited by</a><a id=\"gsc_prf_t-mnd\" class=\"gsc_prf_tab\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"gsc_rsb_mnd\">Public access</a></div></div><div class=\"gsc_lcl gsc_prf_pnl\" id=\"gsc_art\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_prf_t-art\"><form method=\"post\" action=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"xsrf\" value=\"AMD79ooAAAAAYwTrX8x6BPB1TdixqPubsgUdbQW3kmwW\"><div id=\"gsc_a_tw\"><table id=\"gsc_a_t\"><thead><tr id=\"gsc_a_tr0\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><th class=\"gsc_a_t\"></th><th class=\"gsc_a_c\"></th><th class=\"gsc_a_y\"></th></tr><tr id=\"gsc_a_trh\"><th class=\"gsc_a_t\" scope=\"col\"><span id=\"gsc_a_ta\"><a href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title\" class=\"gsc_a_a\">Title</a></span><div id=\"gsc_dd_sort-r\" class=\"gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_dd_sort-b\" aria-controls=\"gsc_dd_sort-d\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" ontouchstart=\"gs_evt_dsp(event)\" class=\" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Sort</span><span class=\"gs_icm\"></span></span></button><div id=\"gsc_dd_sort-d\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr\" role=\"menu\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div id=\"gsc_dd_sort-s\" class=\"gs_oph gsc_dd_sec gsc_dd_sep\"><a role=\"menuitem\" href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"gs_md_li gsc_dd_sort-sel\">Sort by citations</a><a role=\"menuitem\" href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"gs_md_li\">Sort by year</a><a role=\"menuitem\" href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"gs_md_li\">Sort by title</a></div></div></div></th><th class=\"gsc_a_c\" scope=\"col\" dir=\"rtl\"><span id=\"gsc_a_ca\"><div class=\"gs_nph\">Cited by</div><div class=\"gs_oph\">Cited by</div></span></th><th class=\"gsc_a_y\" scope=\"col\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h\" id=\"gsc_a_ha\"><a href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate\" class=\"gsc_a_a\">Year</a></span></th></tr></thead><tbody id=\"gsc_a_b\"><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:NhqRSupF_l8C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">M Pertea, D Kim, GM Pertea, JT Leek, SL Salzberg</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature protocols 11 (9), 1650-1667<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2016</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=11597093095454118770\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">3134</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2016</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:8k81kl-MbHgC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">The <kbd>sva</kbd> package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, WE Johnson, HS Parker, AE Jaffe, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Bioinformatics 28 (6), 882-883<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2012</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=8144311546232376767\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">2936</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2012</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Tackling the widespread and critical impact of batch effects in high-throughput data</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, RB Scharpf, HC Bravo, D Simcha, B Langmead, WE Johnson, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature Reviews Genetics 11 (10), 733-739<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2010</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=16403016020126782741\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">1760</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2010</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Capturing heterogeneity in gene expression studies by surrogate variable analysis</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">PLoS genetics 3 (9), e161<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2007</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=14943880347723800617\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">1750</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2007</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Significance analysis of time course microarray experiments</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JD Storey, W Xiao, JT Leek, RG Tompkins, RW Davis</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (36), 12837-12842<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2005</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=8692182196465189153\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">695</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2005</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Temporal dynamics and genetic control of transcription in the human prefrontal cortex</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">C Colantuoni, BK Lipska, T Ye, TM Hyde, R Tao, JT Leek, EA Colantuoni, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature 478 (7370), 519-523<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2011</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=15401379057477374674\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">693</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2011</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:5nxA0vEk-isC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Bump hunting to identify differentially methylated regions in epigenetic epidemiology studies</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AE Jaffe, P Murakami, H Lee, JT Leek, MD Fallin, AP Feinberg, RA Irizarry</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">International journal of epidemiology 41 (1), 200-209<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2012</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=13917393765835926103\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">604</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2012</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:lSLTfruPkqcC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Ballgown bridges the gap between transcriptome assembly and expression analysis</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AC Frazee, G Pertea, AE Jaffe, B Langmead, SL Salzberg, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature biotechnology 33 (3), 243-246<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2015</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=20173395138202006\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">544</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2015</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:IjCSPb-OGe4C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Cloud-scale RNA-sequencing differential expression analysis with Myrna</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">B Langmead, KD Hansen, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Genome biology 11 (8), 1-11<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2010</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=9392678635432440961\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">410</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2010</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">A general framework for multiple testing dependence</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (48), 18718-18723<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2008</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=6862569568109470250\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">398</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2008</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:vbGhcppDl1QC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">sva: Surrogate variable analysis</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, WE Johnson, HS Parker, EJ Fertig, AE Jaffe, JD Storey, Y Zhang, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">R package version 3 (0), 882-883<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2019</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=10697077674715889765\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">342</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2019</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:K3LRdlH-MEoC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">On the design and analysis of gene expression studies in human populations</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JM Akey, S Biswas, JT Leek, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature genetics 39 (7), 807-808<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2007</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=15714386653555288843\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">324</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2007</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:u9iWguZQMMsC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Reproducible RNA-seq analysis using recount2</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">L Collado-Torres, A Nellore, K Kammers, SE Ellis, MA Taub, KD Hansen, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature biotechnology 35 (4), 319-321<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2017</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=15893932426093408725\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">309</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2017</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Systems-level dynamic analyses of fate change in murine embryonic stem cells</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">R Lu, F Markowetz, RD Unwin, JT Leek, EM Airoldi, BD MacArthur, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature 462 (7271), 358-362<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2009</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=4114573275173642545\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">304</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2009</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">EDGE: extraction and analysis of differential gene expression</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, E Monsen, AR Dabney, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Bioinformatics 22 (4), 507-508<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2006</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=8862746171832697560\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">300</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2006</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:JV2RwH3_ST0C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Svaseq: removing batch effects and other unwanted noise from sequencing data</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nucleic acids research 42 (21), e161-e161<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2014</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=6067155682778086397\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">280</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2014</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:isC4tDSrTZIC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\"><i>Polyester</i>: simulating RNA-seq datasets with differential transcript expression</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AC Frazee, AE Jaffe, B Langmead, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Bioinformatics 31 (17), 2778-2784<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2015</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=11653819434357831278\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">230</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2015</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:p2g8aNsByqUC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Developmental and genetic regulation of the human cortex transcriptome illuminate schizophrenia pathogenesis</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AE Jaffe, RE Straub, JH Shin, R Tao, Y Gao, L Collado-Torres, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature neuroscience 21 (8), 1117-1125<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2018</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=12806206133365517677\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">228</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2018</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:ldfaerwXgEUC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Statistics: P values are just the tip of the iceberg</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, RD Peng</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature 520 (7549), 612-612<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2015</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=7990176079596762579\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">211</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2015</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:LkGwnXOMwfcC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Sequencing technology does not eliminate biological variability</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">KD Hansen, Z Wu, RA Irizarry, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature biotechnology 29 (7), 572-573<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2011</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=13984583295080419572\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">210</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2011</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id=\"gsc_a_sp\"></div><div id=\"gsc_a_err\" class=\"gs_alrt\">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div></div><div id=\"gsc_lwp\"><span id=\"gsc_a_nn\">Articles 1–20</span><div id=\"gsc_bpf\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_bpf_more\" class=\"gs_btnPD gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Show more</span></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div id=\"gs_ftr_sp\" role=\"presentation\"></div><div id=\"gs_ftr\" role=\"contentinfo\"><div id=\"gs_ftr_rt\"><a href=\"/intl/en/scholar/about.html\">Help</a><a href=\"//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/\">Privacy</a><a href=\"//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/\">Terms</a></div></div></div></body></html>"In this format the data is a little hard to read. To overcome this we can use the XML package to parse the data. Since the XML package has some issues, here I use the function GET from the httr package in order to obtain the html code, and then pass it to htmlParse
library(XML)
library(httr)
url <- "http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=e"
html2 = GET(url)
content2 = content(html2, as = "text")
parsedHTML = htmlParse(content2, asText = TRUE)
xpathSApply(parsedHTML, "//title", xmlValue)## [1] "Jeff Leek - Google Académico"pg1 = GET("http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd")
pg1## Response [http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd]
## Date: 2022-08-22 14:59
## Status: 401
## Content-Type: <unknown>
## <EMPTY BODY>pg2 = GET("http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd",
authenticate("user", "passwd"))
pg2## Response [http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd]
## Date: 2022-08-22 14:59
## Status: 200
## Content-Type: application/json
## Size: 47 B
## {
## "authenticated": true,
## "user": "user"
## }names(pg2)## [1] "url" "status_code" "headers" "all_headers" "cookies"
## [6] "content" "date" "times" "request" "handle"Handles allow authentications to be saved across multiple websites. If you authenticate the handle once, the cookies will stay with that handle so you won't have to authenticate everytime you access the site.
google = handle("http://google.com")
pg1 = GET(handle = google, path = "/")
pg2 = GET(handle = google, path = "search")